Effect of Grades of Chondromalacia on Static and Dynamic Balance: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Chondromalacia patellae (CMP) is a common condition affecting young adults, characterized by anterior knee pain and progressive cartilage degeneration. It can compromise neuromuscular control and impair postural stability.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different grades of patellofemoral chondromalacia on static and dynamic balance in adults aged 18–40 years.
Patients and methods: Eighty-seven participants (both males and females) aged 18–40 years were included in this study. They were divided into five groups: four patient groups with grades I to IV chondromalacia confirmed by MRI, and one healthy control group. All participants had chronic symptoms for more than 3 months and BMI between 19–29. Balance assessment was performed using the Biodex Balance System. Outcome measures included Overall Stability Index (OSI), Anterior–Posterior Stability Index (APSI), Medial–Lateral Stability Index (MLSI), direction control, and time to complete the dynamic balance test.
Results: Statistically significant differences were found across all balance parameters among the five groups. Higher grades of chondromalacia were associated with worse static and dynamic balance. Grade IV participants demonstrated the highest instability and longest test completion times. Age and BMI showed a strong positive correlation with balance deficits, while gender showed no significant differences (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Chondromalacia severity had a direct impact on balance performance. This supports the need for early detection and grade-specific rehabilitation focused on balance and postural control.