Incidence of Pediculosis in Primary School Age Group in Shebin Elkom City, Egypt

Background: Head lice infestation (Pediculosis capitis) is a widespread public health issue among school-aged children, yet its hematological effects and the role of hygiene in infestation rates remain poorly understood.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school students, identify associated demographic and risk factors, and evaluate potential hematological alterations in affected individuals.
Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Menoufia during the first quarter of 2025, involving 242 students from two schools. Data on demographic characteristics, hygiene habits, and previous lice treatment were collected through structured questionnaires. Clinical examinations confirmed infestation based on the presence of live lice or nits. A complete blood count (CBC) analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 20.0, with significance set at p < 0.05. 
Results: The prevalence of head lice infestation was 16.5%, with significantly higher rates among students residing in rural areas (67.5 percent, p = 0.002). Bathing and hair combing frequency were strongly associated with infestation rates (p < 0.001). Hematological analysis revealed significantly lower hemoglobin levels (p < 0.001) and elevated eosinophil counts (p = 0.001) in infested students. 
Conclusion: Head lice infestation persists in rural areas due to poor hygiene and ineffective treatments. Hematological findings indicate a possible immune response, highlighting the need for better screening, hygiene education, and improved treatment strategies.